Gillian Settlement is an unincorporated community in Johnson County, Arkansas, United States. It is located at 35°37?54?N 93°24?06?W? / ?35.63167°N 93.40167°W (35.63167, -93.40167) and has an elevation of 1700 feet.
The Antigonish Movement blended adult education, co-operatives, microfinance and rural community development to help small, resource-based communities around Canada’s Maritimes improve their economic and social circumstances. A group of priests and educators, including Father Jimmy Tompkins, Father Moses Coady, Rev. Hugh MacPherson and A.B. MacDonald led this movement from a base at the Extension Department at St. Francis Xavier University (St. F.X.) in Antigonish, Nova Scotia.
The credit union systems of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and PEI owe their origins to the Antigonish Movement, which also had an important influence on other provincial systems across Canada. The Coady International Institute at St. F.X. has been instrumental in developing credit unions and in asset-based community development initiatives in developing countries ever since.
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As educators and priests, the leaders of the Antigonish Movement were primarily concerned with human and spiritual development. The title of Moses Coady’s only book – Masters of Their Own Destiny – encapsulates this desire to see ordinary Nova Scotians achieve economic and social freedom.
However Coady argued that for practical reasons “we consider it good pedagogy and good psychology to begin with the economic phase … that we may more readily attain the spiritual and cultural towards which all our efforts are directed.”
Ordinary Nova Scotians he argued, had only themselves to blame for their poverty and vulnerability. They had permitted money and business to become mysterious forces outside of their control. Fishers and farmers for example, were exploited by marketing middlemen. Everyone was exploited by moneylenders. If they took the time to understand their circumstances and took the risks of co-operative action, they could achieve economic security and on that foundation greater freedom and self-realization. In a vision that has been renewed today in digital forms of mass collaboration, Coady argued that “the only hope of democracy is that enough noble, independent, energetic souls may be found who are prepared to work overtime, without pay” in order to shape a free and prosperous society.
The origins of co-operatives in Nova Scotia go back to a cooperative store in Stellarton, founded in 1861. Co-operative creameries and fruit-growers co-ops were established by farmers to free them from exploitative middleman in the 1890s. Many early co-ops failed due to “poor management, domination by a few individuals and a lack of ongoing education.”
However, the British Canadian Co-operative Society, a co-op store in Sydney Mines, Nova Scotia, set an example of sound co-operation. By 1917 it has 1,220 members and over $500,000 in sales. That year, it organized a conference on co-ops. The conference, which featured Ontario co-operative pioneer George Keen as keynote speaker, renewed local energy and enthusiasm for the idea.
Adult education was the spirit of the movement, and Coady credits Dr. Hugh MacPherson and Rev. Miles Tompkins at St. F.X. with their early roles as “pioneer extension workers at the University interested in both adult education and economic cooperation.”.
Main article: James Tompkins
Father Jimmy Tompkins played a key role in concocting the “intellectual dynamite” that was later set off in almost every village in the Maritimes.
Tompkins began teaching at St. F.X. in 1902. As vice-president of the university he attended the Conference of British Empire Universities in London, England in 1912, and returned filled with ideas for ways that the university could become more involved in solving rural economic problems through adult education. British Workers Educational Associations, the Danish Folk High Schools, and Swedish Discussion Circles particularly interested him. And in Canada, the University of Saskatchewan’s agricultural program, and Quebec’s agricultural colleges and credit unions, caught his attention.
Tompkins had trouble making his case with the university’s administration, and in 1922, St. F.X. sent Tompkins into “exile” as village priest in Canso, Nova Scotia. This did not slow the determined priest down, however. His approach to adult education in Canso triggered local action and a series of articles in The Halifax Chronicle which helped trigger a federal commission into the problems of the Martime fisheries.
Beginning in 1924 Tompkins organized the first of a series of annual conferences bringing together farmers, educators, students, priests and rural development experts. In 1928, seeking a more permanent organization, some of the leaders in this group launched a campaign that raised $100,000. This initiative, combined with the report of federal commission on the fisheries in 1928, prompted St. F.X. to support the formation of an Extension Department in 1928.
Main article: Moses Coady
Moses Coady is generally credited with transforming the vision of his cousin Tompkins into an effective program capable of spreading across the Maritimes.
The defining moment in Coady’s career came when he testified before a Canadian government commission in 1927. Drawing on his own experience and that of other movement leaders he maintained that the local economy could be revitalized if the right type of learning was cultivated in ordinary people: especially critical thinking, scientific methods of planning and production, and co-operative entrepreneurship.
The report of the MacLean Commission was catalytic: in late 1928 St. F.X. organized an Extension Department to carry adult education to the people of the province, appointing Coady as its first director. The Canadian Department of Fisheries asked Coady to help the government “organize the fishermen”.
Coady also invested considerable energy in catalyzing and strengthening wholesale co-operatives around the Maritimes: including the United Maritime Fishermen, the United Fruit Companies and the Canadian Livestock Co-operatives (Maritimes).
The Antigonish program of adult education employed three main components:
The field staff of the Extension Department worked with local people to organize meetings in schools, churches, and community centres.
People who heard Coady speak at these meetings described his speeches as “fiery” and “energizing”. Coady challenged his audience not to accept their poverty but to take action to understand their situation, and then to think and to plan to change it. As he said many times, “You can get the good life. You’re poor enough to want it and smart enough to get it.” He would propose that they set up study clubs, and that those who could read help those who could not.
Study clubs typically met in members’ homes, with the goal of understanding the factors keeping the members poor, to identify solutions, make plans, and take action. The Extension Department provided pamphlets and technical material on matters like agricultural methods, business organization, economics, and co-operative principles. The clubs studied local newspaper articles and any other materials that could help them understand their situation better.
The leaders and ideas emerging from this process often carried it into the next stage – organizing co-operatives and taking other initiatives to solve local problems.
The Extension Department linked the study clubs together through a network called the Associated Study Clubs, which facilitated information sharing and capitalized on the building momentum.
Once the first co-operatives began, the Extension Department organized a six week program at the university with courses in co-operative business, book-keeping, mathematics, economics, public speaking, and citizenship.
The program was taught by successful co-operative leaders from around the province. The goal was to reduce the risks of business failure, and to invigorate the momentum in each community with fresh ideas.
The program was taken to the villages by Coady and A.B. MacDonald. Roy Bergengren, director of Credit Union National of America, dedicated his book, Credit Union North America to A.B. MacDonald, who he describes as “an extraordinary organizer and an inspired leader who is known in every city, town and fishing hamlet throughout the length and breadth of the province”. MacDonald went on to direct the Nova Scotia Credit Union League and then the Co-operative Union of Canada.
Coady’s biographer Jim Lotz gives an example of how the link between the Antigonish approach, community development and co-operatives worked in the village of Judique, Nova Scotia.
| “In 1932, the people of Judique formed 12 study clubs. Two years later they built a lobster factory. Canned lobsters brought better returns than fresh groundfish that had to be sold to buyers on the wharf for any price they cared to offer. The 30 members of the Judique lobster co-op paid off the cost of their factory in two years. They built another one, then opened a credit union and co-op shop. The residents of the community told Coady’s staff that they were “much richer than we were a decade ago, both economically and spiritually. We have gained much confidence in ourselves through directing and managing our own affairs.” |
By 1932 the Extension Department had sparked the formation of 179 study clubs with 1,500 members in Nova Scotia. Over the next six years, during the height of Coady and MacDonald’s work in the villages, the number of study clubs rose to 1,110 with 10,000 participants.
By 1938 these study clubs had formed 142 credit unions, 39 co-operative stores, 17 co-operative lobster factories, 11 co-operative fish plants, and 11 other co-ops.
“Perhaps the most important reason why the Antigonish movement was able to have a significant, lasting impact was its promotion of credit unions.” The farmers, fishers, and miners who formed the backbone of the movement had little access to credit before the Great Depression, and lost what little they had as the downturn started to bite. With the help of Roy Bergengren and the American credit union movement, Nova Scotia passed the first sound credit union legislation in English Canada in 1932.
From its start in 1928, the Extension Department at St. Francis Xavier University was concerned with spreading its message well beyond Nova Scotia. It was particularly concerned about the other provinces in the Maritimes.
For example, by 1936 there were 200 study clubs operating in New Brunswick, and the legislature passed a credit union law that year. Wilfred Keohan, the New Brunswick Registrar of Credit Unions, wrote in 1939 that “There can be no doubt but that the experience in Nova Scotia had a marked influence as credit union enthusiasm knows no frontiers. The crystallized demand came from such bodies as the New Brunswick Council of Labour, the Trades & Labour Council, the Farmer’s and Dairyman’s Association, fishermen’s organizations and members of the clergy who saw in credit unions an economic regeneration of their flocks.” By 1939 ten thousand members were participating in 95 credit unions (including caisses populaires) in the province.
By 1936 Coady and MacDonald were increasingly traveling beyond the Maritimes to Ontario, Saskatchewan and British Columbia, where their speeches and ideas helped ignite local credit union movements. After Nova Scotia passed a credit union law in 1932, New Brunswick and PEI were the next to pass legislation (1936). By 1939 every province in Canada had a credit union movement and a legal framework to guide it.
Bergengren wrote in 1940 that “out of the Nova Scotia experience has come a new and most valuable study club technique that will have a far reaching effect on the whole future of the credit union movement.” He credited the rapid expansion of credit unions to other provinces across Canada to the Antigonish movement.
The Board of Governors of St. Francis Xavier University established The Coady International Institute to honour Moses Coady less than six months after his death. The institute has played a role in the emergence of credit unions throughout the world, especially in Africa. Since then, almost 4,000 community development practitioners from over 120 countries have studied at the campus in Antigonish.
See also: Moses Coady#Criticisms
By the end of World War II the credit unions and co-operatives of the Maritimes were an acknowledged success, gaining international recognition. The study clubs for which the movement was noted declined however, and attention had shifted from human emancipation towards building stronger, more professional institutions. “Most of the educational attainment in the war and its aftermath focused on training elite managers for the co-operative institutions. Evidence from the co-operative reports of the 1940s indicates clearly that the common people were not participating very much in the life of their institutions.”
Like many of the integrated rural development programs in the developing world today, the Antigonish Movement encountered a grass-roots challenge to its vision in the implementation stage. In the end, the grand vision of fishers and miners appreciating Shakespeare and grand opera seemed to usually lead to one community project: co-operative microfinance through credit unions.
Dr. Ian MacPherson, a co-operative historian and theorist, argues that most co-operative movements are dependent for their early impetus on the support of networks of external players like church groups, government departments or wealthy patrons. As the movement begins to transform into a credit union system, “… necessary managerial and technical changes may be inhibited by the “founders”: revered individuals who have made great contributions but who, as they age and the institution they helped found develops, may hold back necessary change and new generations of leadership.”
Nova Scotia’s credit union system, springing from the centre of the Antigonish Movement, today has a far lower penetration of members (18%) than the systems in neighbouring New Brunswick (41%) and Prince Edward Island (45%).
Coady acknowledged that the credit unions were promoting thrift and household budgeting, and showing members by example how much money they could bring to bear on their communities’ problems through co-operative action. But to him, the main purpose of credit unions was moral. The credit union “makes people honest”. “There have been a few instances of dishonest managers and some slow borrowers, but the credit union organization takes care of these cases.”
In other parts of Canada, most notably Quebec, Saskatchewan and Manitoba where some of the strongest credit union systems emerged, the movement’s early leaders recognized the need to address the practical problems that emerged from the demand for credit unions. Innovations like the Saskatchewan Mutual Aid Board – the first private sector deposit insurance scheme in Canada – focused on protecting the savings of members. These practical innovations, grounded in addressing the practical needs of members, led to stronger and more sustained institutional growth.
The study club successfully addressed one of the enduring challenges of co-operative development. Co-operative enterprises address the principal-agent problem by making all users of an enterprise into owners. When users accept the duties of owners, this structure results in strong governance and control systems. However, the assets in co-operative enterprises are vulnerable when the users aren’t prepared to accept the duties of ownership. In a paper for the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations in 1962, Alexander Laidlaw, a co-operative leader who served as a director at the Extension Department, wrote that:
| “… such concepts as group responsibility, reaching decisions by majority vote, delegating authority to responsible officers, observing rules agreed upon by the group, exerting self-discipline for the welfare of the group cannot be taught or learned in the abstract. They must become part of the personality of the individual and the experience of the group through actual situations.” |
Antigonish-style study clubs, unlike traditional seminars or workshops, require all members to collectively manage a group process even before they launch a co-operative. Members can take a hard look at each other’s capabilities and weigh their collective prospects with a clear head while they learn the skills they need to launch community ventures.
By the end of World War II a series of leaders from Friedrich Wilhelm Raiffeisen to Edward Filene to Alphonse Desjardins to Moses Coady had shown that cooperative movements could reach and empower poor populations in a way that deepened the economic gains of capitalism while alleviating some of its undesirable social effects. This prepared the way for a wave of ‘anti-communist’ co-operative development led by the US government in the developing world in the 1940-60s. For precisely the reasons just noted, however, the results of this ’state-led’ credit union development were mixed at best.
The philosophy and techniques of Antigonish anticipated some of the key ideas of rural development, including the emancipatory pedagogy of Paulo Freire, and the philosophy of Robert Chambers/participatory rural assessment. However, the Antigonish approach runs into significant problems in oral communities and those with anti-democratic traditions. This has limited the replicability of the movement, and led to significant off-shoots, such as the self-help group movement in India, village banking and the ASCA movement in parts of Africa.
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| Vogau | |
| Coat of arms | Location |
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| Administration | |
| Country |  Austria |
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| State | Styria |
| District | Leibnitz |
| Mayor | Franz Feldbacher (ÖVP) |
| Basic statistics | |
| Area | 6.06 km² (2.3 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 260 m (853 ft) |
| Population | 1,057 (1 January 2001) |
| - Density | 174 /km² (452 /sq mi) |
| Other information | |
| Time zone | CET/CEST (UTC+1/+2) |
| Licence plate | LB |
| Postal code | 8472 |
| Area code | 03453 |
| Website | www.vogau.at/
Coordinates: 46°53?51?N 15°36?40?E? / ?46.8975°N 15.61111°E |
Vogau is a municipality in the district of Leibnitz in Styria, Austria.
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This Styria location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. |
Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vogau”
Categories: Cities and towns in Styria | Styria geography stubs
James Hulme Canfield (March 18, 1847 – March 29, 1909), born in Delaware, Ohio, was the fourth President of The Ohio State University. He was raised in New York City. Canfield attended Williams College and read law in Jackson, Michigan, before briefly practicing in St. Joseph, Michigan. Canfield was on the faculty of the University of Kansas, teaching broadly in the humanities, until moving to the University of Nebraska, where he was chancellor. In 1895 Canfield returned to Ohio to become President of Ohio State University. Canfield Hall dormitory is named in his honor.
| Preceded by William Henry Scott |
Ohio State University President 1895-07-01–1899-06-30 |
Succeeded by William Oxley Thompson |
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| Barnes v. Glen Theatre, Inc. | ||||||
 Supreme Court of the United States |
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| Argued January 8, 1991 Decided June 21, 1991 |
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| Full case name | Michael Barnes, prosecuting attorney of St. Joseph County Indiana, et al. v. Glen Theatre, Inc., et al. | |||||
| Citations | 501 U.S. 560 (more) 111 S. Ct. 2456; 115 L. Ed. 2d 504; 1991 U.S. LEXIS 3633; 59 U.S.L.W. 4745; 91 Cal. Daily Op. Service 4731; 91 Daily Journal DAR 7362 |
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| Prior history | On writ of cert. to the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit | |||||
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| Plurality | Rehnquist, joined by O’Connor, Kennedy | |||||
| Concurrence | Scalia | |||||
| Concurrence | Souter | |||||
| Dissent | White, joined by Marshall, Blackmun, Stevens | |||||
Barnes v. Glen Theatre, Inc., 501 U.S. 560 (1991), is a landmark decision of the Supreme Court of the United States on freedom of speech and the ability of the government to outlaw certain forms of expressive conduct. It ruled that the state has the constitutional authority to regulate this form of expression, as it furthers a substantial government interest in protecting the morality and order of society. This case is perhaps best summarized by a sentence in Justice Souter’s concurring opinion, which is often paraphrased as “Nudity itself is not inherently expressive conduct.”
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Two businesses - the Kitty Kat Lounge, Inc. and Glen Theatre, Inc. - operated adult entertainment establishments in South Bend, Indiana. The Kitty Kat was a club that sold alcoholic beverages in addition to employing live female exotic dancers to entertain its patrons. Glen Theatre was primarily in the business of selling adult entertainment materials, such as magazines and videos, and had an enclosed “bookstore” area where customers could insert coins into a machine which would allow them to view live female exotic dancers. Both businesses sought to include fully-nude dancers to their entertainment lineup, but were prevented by an Indiana statute regulating “indecent behavior.”
Specifically, the statute read that dancers must wear, at a minimum, pasties and g-strings to provide basic coverage of the dancer’s body. As this law necessarily prevented complete nudity in businesses open to the public, Kitty Kat and Glen Theatre were legally unable to offer nude dancing, prompting them to file suit in the United States District Court for the Northern District of Indiana on First Amendment grounds. The respondents, represented by Patrick Baude, professor at Indiana University School of Law - Bloomington, argued that the prohibition of complete nudity in public places was unconstitutionally overbroad. The District Court granted an injunction against enforcement of the indecency statute.
The Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals reversed the District Court’s decision based on prior suit in the Supreme Court of Indiana as well as the United States Supreme Court that denied the respondents’ the ability to pursue relief with their current constitutional argument. The case was remanded back to District Court, allowing the businesses to argue against the statute as it applied to the proposed dancing rather than claiming constitutional overbreadth.
The District Court, upon remand, declared that the dancing was not constitutionally protected speech, and the businesses appealed to the Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals, which reversed the District Court’s ruling. The opinions authored by the judges on the Seventh Circuit’s panel accepted the argument that the statute in question unduly infringed on freedom of expression; in this case, the message of “eroticism and sexuality” that the dancers were meant to convey.
The Supreme Court granted certiorari and heard oral arguments on January 8, 1991.
On June 21, 1991, Chief Justice Rehnquist delivered the judgment of the Court, joined by Justices O’Connor and Kennedy. Justices Scalia and Souter authored their own concurring opinions, agreeing with the majority ruling but for different reasons. To avoid confusion with statements made by the concurring Justices, “the Court” will refer to the opinion delivered by the Chief Justice.
The Court reasoned that, indeed, the type of dancing the respondents sought to include in their businesses was expressive conduct under the First Amendment, albeit “only marginally so.” While the Court ceded this point, it went on to decide how much constitutional protection the conduct warranted, and whether the statute at hand was, in fact, an unacceptable infringement on the freedom of expression.
In determining the type of protection, the Court turned to the “time, place, or manner” test as implemented in United States v. O’Brien, the four-pronged “O’Brien Test.” The Court found that enacting this sort of legislation was clearly within the constitutional authority of the state, and that the statute furthered a substantial government interest. To understand the legislative intent behind the creation of the statute, the Court turned to the history of indecency law, noting an expansive history and breadth of adoption for such legislation. Considering available stare decisis present in cases such as Roth v. United States and Bowers v. Hardwick, the Court concluded that the statute furthered a government interest in order and morality.
With regards to the third part of the O’Brien Test, the Court stated that the statute was not related to suppressing expression. The statute did not prohibit nude dancing alone, but rather all nudity in public places. While it may be in some manner “expressive” for a person to appear naked in public, the Court determined that basically any conduct anyone engages in at any time can be considered “expressive,” so merely being expressive is not enough to bring such an argument. To provide support for the logical foundations of this finding, the Court said,
As to the final point of the O’Brien test, the Court contended that the statute was narrowly tailored to achieve the government interest it sought to promote. Indiana’s statute was not intended as a clandestine attempt at silencing the potentially expressive conduct of a person dancing in the nude; it was “an end in itself,” designed to forbid the societal disapproval of nude strangers in public. Even though, as the respondents contended, the patrons in their establishments are all of legal age and all willing to see the prohibited nudity, the fact remains that, for the purposes of the constitutional question at hand, the statute was not needlessly restrictive.
In closing, the Court reversed the ruling of the Court of Appeals. In effect, this ruling determined that it was not unconstitutional for a state to enact legislation forbidding public nudity outright, particularly if the only requirement for a person to no longer be considered “nude” was wearing some of the most revealing possible clothing.
Justice Scalia agreed with the Court’s overall finding, i.e. that the Appeals Court’s decision must be reversed. However, he differed from the majority by arguing that the Indiana statute did not regulate any kind of expression, merely conduct. As such, Scalia believed, it was inappropriate to apply First Amendment scrutiny to the statute in the first place. Here Scalia takes a more formalistic approach to constitutional interpretation than his benchmates, looking at the text of the statute itself and, seeing no reference express or implied to the limitation of any form of expression, deciding that there can be no First Amendment question present at all. Language he uses later in his opinion demonstrates the originalist views that have distinguished Scalia’s tenure on the bench.
Justice Souter also agreed with the plurality opinion’s conclusion, but wanted to elaborate further his own reasons for this agreement. In his concurrence, Souter’s well-known sentence, “Although such performance dancing is inherently expressive, nudity per se is not,” outlines his general purpose. He states that nudity is not inherently expressive because it is merely a state, not an act. He differs from Scalia by agreeing with both the plurality and the dissent that, because the state of nudity can enhance the expressive eroticism of a dance, nude dancing must be afforded some constitutional protection. He agrees in large part with the dissent, but differs by saying that the negative secondary effects (such as prostitution, violence, etc.) that the state may wish to control with such a ban are correlated only to the presence of establishments offering nude dancing, rather than the expression conveyed in the dance. In the closing of his opinion, Souter notes that the establishments are perfectly free to convey their erotic message in any other way short of violating obscenity laws. To this effect, he notes in closing that “a pornographic movie featuring one of respondents … was playing nearby without any interference from the authorities at the time these cases arose.”
Justice White authored the dissent, joined by Justices Marshall, Blackmun, and Stevens. In noting its disagreement with the other Justices, the Dissent argues that the third part of the O’Brien test (requiring that the law be unrelated to the suppression of free expression) is not satisfied. In pursuing legitimate government interests, the statute in place restricts conduct - nudity - that is integral to the expressive nature of the act. Citing Schad v. Mt. Ephraim, the Dissent remarks that the condition of human nakedness in and of itself does not transform otherwise protected speech into unprotected speech. The Dissent argues that it is precisely because of the heightened expressive impact that the state chooses to forbid public nudity, because the state desires to control the negative secondary effects such as prostitution and degradation of women. Because nudity is, the Dissent claims, an essential part of the potency of the expression in question, the law unconstitutionally restricts that expression and, as such, the plurality opinion was erroneously decided.
| Titanium tetraiodide | |
|---|---|
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| IUPAC name |
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| Other names | Titanium tetraiodide |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS number | |
| PubChem | |
| Properties | |
| Molecular formula | TiI4 |
| Molar mass | 555.485 g/mol |
| Appearance | red-brown crystals |
| Density | 4.3 g/cm3 |
| Melting point |
150 °C |
| Boiling point |
377 °C |
| Solubility in water | hydrolysis |
| Solubility in other solvents | soluble in CH2Cl2 CHCl3 CS2 |
| Structure | |
| Crystal structure | cubic (a = 12.21 Å) |
| Coordination geometry |
tetrahedral |
| Dipole moment | 0 D |
| Hazards | |
| R-phrases | 34-37 |
| S-phrases | 26-36/37/39-45 |
| Related compounds | |
| Related compounds | titanium tetrachloride, |
| Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa) Infobox references |
|
Titanium tetraiodide is an inorganic compound with the formula TiI4. It is a rare molecular binary metal iodide, consisting of isolated molecules of tetrahedral Ti(IV) centers; the other example is Ta2I10. Reflecting its molecular character, TiI4 can be distilled without decomposition at one atmosphere. The compound is a close relative to TiCl4. The difference in melting point between TiCl4 (m.p. -24 °C) and TiI4 (m.p. 150 °C) is comparable to the difference between the melting points of CCl4 (m.p. -23 °C) and CI4 (m.p. 168 °C), reflecting the stronger intermolecular van der Waals bonding in the iodides.
Three methods are well known: 1) From the elements, typically using a tube furnace at 425 °C:
This reaction can be reversed to produce highly pure films of Ti metal.
2) Exchange reaction from titanium tetrachloride and HI.
3) Oxide-iodide exchange from aluminium iodide.
Like TiCl4 and TiBr4, TiI4 forms adducts with Lewis bases, and it can also be reduced. When the reduction is conducted in the presence of Ti metal, one obtains polymeric Ti(III) and Ti(II) derivatives such as CsTi2I7 and the chain CsTiI3, respectively. As a solution in CH2Cl2, TiI4 exhibits some reactivity toward alkenes and alkynes resulting in organoiodine derivatives.
A generation II reactor is a design classification for a nuclear reactor, and refers to the class of commercial reactors built up to the end of the 1990’s. Prototypical generation II reactors include the PWR, CANDU, BWR, AGR, and VVER.
These are contrasted to generation I reactors, which refer to the early prototype and power reactors, such as Shippingport, Magnox, Fermi 1, and Dresden.
The nomenclature for reactor designs, describing four ‘generations’, was proposed by the US Department of Energy when it introduced the concept of Generation IV reactors.
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LXA is a three-letter abbreviation which may represent any of the following:
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This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. |
Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LXA”
Categories: Disambiguation pagesHidden categories: All disambiguation pages | All article disambiguation pages
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| Type | National weekly newspaper |
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| Format | Tabloid |
| Owner | Pan Asia Venture Capital Corporation |
| Founded | 1979 |
| Language | English |
| Headquarters | 809 Sacramento Street, San Francisco, CA United States |
| Circulation | 58,099 |
| Website | AsianWeek.com |
AsianWeek is a widely circulated publication of Asian American news, across all Asian ethnic groups, providing coverage of Asian American issues such as the killing of Vincent Chin, Asian American college admissions, and quotas on Chinese students in competitive San Francisco examination schools. Today, AsianWeek continues to publish national commentaries, Bay Area news, cartoons, commentaries, and cultural features.
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AsianWeek headquarters and offices are located in the heart of San Francisco’s Chinatown, 809 Sacramento Street, San Francisco, California 94108.
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This section does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2008) |
AsianWeek is the largest and longest and established English language newsweekly for Asian Pacific Americans. In 1965, after the Hart-Celler Immigration Act ended over 80 years of race-based exclusion of immigrants from Asia, America for the first time experienced an influx of Asian immigration. As Asian Americans became the fastest growing minority in the U.S. and as they became more settled, they began forming organizations and associations to serve their communities.
Realizing the need to provide a voice for Asian Pacific America, John Fang, founded AsianWeek newspaper in 1979 in San Francisco. Currently, it has a circulation of over 58,000. AsianWeek continues to be the longest and largest running weekly published from a shared Asian American perspective using the English language to connect and outreach to not only Asians and Asian Americans but to all interested in learning and reading about the APA experience.
In 1995, AsianWeek changed its format to a full-color one and converted itself from an exclusively paid circulation newspaper to a publication consisting of both free distribution and paid subscribers.
AsianWeek newspaper is also involved in a wide array of community activities. Committed to promoting and participating in events that celebrate the diversity the Asian American community, the publication plays an active role in sponsoring and hosting community events, spreading health awareness on Hepatitis B, and promoting cross-cultural and interracial cooperation with major outdoor events in San Francisco, including the Castro Street Fair, Chinatown Autumn Moon Festival Street Fair, Haight-Ashbury Street Fair and Nihonmachi Street Fair. AsianWeek is also on the planning committee for the Asian Heritage Street Celebration, Northern California Cherry Blossom Festival, and Pistahan Filipino Parade and Festival.
“For the last 28 years, AsianWeek has been the mirror of our community, showing our triumphs and shortcomings, serving as both the face and conscience of Asian America,” said AsianWeek President James Fang. “AsianWeek has acted as a forum in advocating for those Asian Americans who were defenseless and voiceless in the face of an uncaring power. Whether it was in bringing much-needed national and decisive exposure to the killing of Vincent Chin or in demanding justice for Wen Ho Lee and Capt. James Yee, the strength of AsianWeek has been its unequivocal eagerness to support our community.”
On August 20, 2007, AsianWeek launched a completely redesigned version of their website.
The Opinion section includes AsianWeek’s Letters to the Editor, Emil Guillermo’s column “Amok,” and a community contributed article, “Voices.”
Emil Guillermo has been a journalist for more than 30 years. After ten years in television news, Guillermo became host of NPR’s “All Things Considered,” in 1989. After leaving NPR, Guillermo worked as press secretary and speechwriter for then congressman Norman Mineta. He returned to media as a local television and radio talk show host in Washington, D.C., Sacramento, and San Francisco. As a writer, Guillermo has contributed jokes for Jay Leno’s monologues. His written often satirical commentaries have appeared in newspapers throughout the country. His book “Amok,” a compilation of his AsianWeek columns won the American Book Award in 2000. Guillermo is also the winner of both a California Newspaper Publishers Association Award and a National Inland Press Association Award for his mainstream newspaper work. He has won awards from the Radio-TV News Directors Association, Society of Professional Journalists, the Asian American Journalists Association, and has been nominated for local TV Emmy Awards. A native San Franciscan, Guillermo graduated from Lowell High School and Harvard College.
On Monday, February 4, 2008 – AsianWeek launched a new daily blog by award-winning journalist Emil Guillermo on Feb. 1. Guillermo is already the most widely read APA columnist, and his new daily commentary will remark on timely and fascinating stories and ideas that affect the broad APA community. The blog is available online at http://amok.asianweek.com/.
“It will be a place readers can get my take on the issues that concern them,” said Guillermo, who’s column, “Amok” has appeared in AsianWeek over the last 14 years. “And it will be a place where they can share their ideas with others. Consider it the water cooler for APAs across the country.”
The Nation and World section includes “Washington Journal” authored by columnist Phil Tajitsu Nash and other topics that range from the Olympic Torch Protests in San Francisco to national issues that affect the Asian American community.
Phil Tajitsu Nash is the CEO and co-founder of Nash Interactive. He has spent nearly two decades as a lawyer, educator, non-profit executive, and website developer. He also is experienced in professional fundraising and business development, and has first-hand knowledge of all major branches of mass media.
Nash has worked as a newspaper editor and magazine journalist, and currently writes “Washington Journal,” a weekly political commentary column for Asian Week. He has provided commentary to BBC World News radio and other news outlets, and served as host of a nationally-broadcast weekly public radio program on the U.S. Supreme Court. He also is a certified television producer.
Before he co-founded Nash Interactive, Nash practiced law in New York and New Jersey, taught law at Georgetown University Law Center, and served as Executive Director of a national not-for-profit legal services foundation. On behalf of the Japanese American redress movement, he testified before Congress, and served as a strategist, lobbyist, and litigator.
An honors graduate of New York University, Phil holds a J.D. from Rutgers Law School and is currently admitted to the bar in New York and New Jersey.
Headquartered in San Francisco, California AsianWeek dedicates a section to issues and timely news items that are relevant to the Bay Area Asian American community.
The Arts and Entertainment section includes “Asian Eats,” “AskQ,” and “The Yin-Yang with Lisa Lee.”
Asian Eats column provides an inside look at the Bay Area’s Asian American cuisine. Formerly known as “Picky Eater” the column covers price, environment, customer service, cleanliness, menu selection, and taste of the Bay Area’s most popular restaurants.
AsianWeek’s AskQ is an advice column to reflect everyday life in Asian Pacific America. It includes readers’ questions and solicited queries. Q is a 30-something urban male who is “happily partnered — a manager by profession, a writer by desire,” according to the column.
The “Yin-Yang” column is authored by Lisa Lee, an AsianWeek columnist. According to the AsianWeek website, “she gives a provocative look into the arts andentertainment industry. The Yin-yang Blog brings you up to date with Asian American celebrity news, gossip and more.”
AsianWeek was severely criticized for publishing on February 23, 2007, a column by freelance writer Kenneth Eng. Prior to this incident, AsianWeek had published other inflammatory race-themed columns by Eng, including: “Proof that Whites Inherently Hate Us” and “Why I Hate Asians.” Several Asian American organizations called for an apology, as well as a repudiation of the columnist and his views, and circulated an online petition to that effect.
AsianWeek published a front page apology in its February 28 issue, severed all ties with Eng, and held various public forums. However, former Editor-in-Chief Samson Wong has made no public statements, and the paper has refused to divulge the identity of the editor who approved Eng’s column to be published. AsianWeek has simply stated that its editorial policy is “under review.” Many continue to criticize AsianWeek for having hired Eng despite his previous racist writings, and only condemning Eng’s anti-black column while ignoring his anti-white and anti-Asian columns.
Without announcement or public explanation, AsianWeek apparently made editorial staff changes in late March 2007, reflected in the masthead of its March 30 edition. Former editor-in-chief Samson Wong’s title is listed as “Senior Editorial Consultant.” Ted Fang, formerly editor-at-large, is now listed as Editor and Publisher.
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Garden features are physical elements, both natural and manmade, used in garden design.
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